Foreign Exchange Rates as Unbiased Estimate of Future Sport Rates Dissertation

Foreign Exchange Rates as Unbiased Estimate of Future Sport Rates - Dissertation Example This knowledge will enable the formulation of trading strategies to enhance the effectiveness of market entry and exit, to properly time the purchase of currencies at the lows, and the sale at the highs, or to adopt an adequate hedging position. The study employed three methods of determining the existence of EMH with the intention of arriving at results that corroborate each other, since any one method taken alone can never be assuredly accurate. The first method employs the regression of future spot rates against forward exchange premiums. The second method tests for a confirmation of the unbiased forward rate hypothesis which is indicated by the co-integration of the forward exchange rate and the future spot rate. The third method employs an analysis of EMH on real terms also through regression modeling and equation estimation. Each of the three methods provided evidence that the efficient market hypothesis is valid in the currencies exchange market, specifically in the Swiss fran c – US dollar spot and forward exchange rates. The weak form of market efficiency has been tested and validated, for which reason investors and business would most likely not realize abnormal profits through the use of methods of technical analysis for price forecasting. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 5 Background of the problem 5 Statement of the issue 6 Structure of the work 7 Literature Review 8 EMH and the Foreign Currencies Market 8 EMH in the forex market before and after the 2008 global financial crisis 9 The relationship of forward and spot rates in the forex market 10 Further studies on the predictability of foreign exchange rate behavior 12 Theoretical Framework 14 The Efficient Market Hypothesis 14 Weak form EMH. 15 Semi-strong form EMH 16 Strong form EMH 18 Evidence for and against EMH 19 Empirical Framework 21 Results 23 First Test: Result of regression estimation 23 Second Test: Determining co-integration between st+1 and ft 27 Thi rd Test: Real terms 30 Conclusion 33 Summary of the dissertation 33 Conclusion 34 Other studies could explore the semi-strong and strong forms of efficiency in the currencies exchange market. Responses of prices to news announcements affecting fundamental value or confidence about the underlying economy may prove useful to determining the rate of adjustment of a partially semi-strong efficient market to newly available information. It shall also be a challenge to conduct a study on the strong form market efficiency, because of the difficulty of obtaining data on essentially illegal activities. 36 Bibliography 37 Introduction Background of the problem In the early sixties and prior, the exchange rates in international currencies were governed by the fixed exchange rate regime. From 1973, however, the general free floating exchange rate regime was adopted by the major European central banks, with other international monetary systems adopting the same policy. As a result, companies wit h international exposure (there were very few â€Å"multinationals† then) were particularly prone to shifts in exchange rates of the currencies in which it dealt with (Soenen, 1979). Companies with international operations would at any one time be purchasing raw materials in countries where they are cheap, with their local currency, and selling the finished products in other countries where the demand is great, also with their local

Tobacco Use Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Use Essay â€Å"ED sees critical capacities† Emergency Department (ED) crowding is a public health crisis associated with negative patient outcomes including increased mortality and complication rates. Decreased quality in delivery of care is affected by lack of resources to support the increased use of emergency services and is a factor that leads to delays in treatment and untimely interventions. According to the article, Dr. Gordon, an emergency medicine physician and director of the Neighborhood Hospital ED states one of issues within the community is a lack of resources including â€Å"adequate medical facilities, especially for low-income individuals or indigents† (â€Å"ED sees critical capacities†, The Neighborhood). This problem is widespread throughout the United States and is not limited to the indigent population. Although it is difficult for patients with Medicaid to find providers willing to accept their insurance, the lack of primary care physicians causes limited access to health care for those who do possess private insurance, and patients are often referred to the ED by their primary doctor who may be unable to see them as appointments are usually unavailable for weeks at a time. With limited access to care, hospital emergency rooms become saturated due to non-urgent visits, inadequate staffing, and hospital bed shortages. When the hospital reaches maximum capacity and can no longer admit patients to appropriate units, the ED is forced to board these patients in the department, which leads to ambulance diversion, increased wait times, and the creation of makeshift treatment areas. The culmination of these factors contribute to delays in transport and time sensitive emergent care, patient elopement where care is not received at all and delayed even further which can lead to worsening health requiring hospital admission, and lower quality of care, which negatively affects patient safety and outcomes (Hoot Aronsky, 2008). This article increases public awareness to the problem of crowding in the emergency department and encourages the use of community-based resources for non-urgent medical conditions and the need for education on the appropriate utilization of emergency medical services. â€Å"Smoking breaks a thing of the past?† According to Tobacco Use (2013), â€Å"Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States† (Why Is Preventing Tobacco Use Important?). This article highlights the advocacy of large companies to reduce tobacco use for the improved health of their employees and to eliminate exposure to unwanted secondhand smoke. Environmental tobacco smoke is just as detrimental to non-smokers as it contains harmful substances that expose those who don’t smoke to the health risks of cigarette smoking and increases their risk of developing a smoking-related illness. Promotion of a smoke-free work environment not only benefits the employees, but also the public whom they serve by reducing exposure to environmental smoke that causes heart disease, lung cancer, respiratory illness, and has other adverse effects to vulnerable populations including pregnant women and children. These companies are increasing community awareness to the detrimental affects o f smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke by paving the way to eliminate exposure to environmental smoke and reduce tobacco use in an effort to reduce illness and health care costs related to smoking, and increase productivity of employees and the overall health of their communities. The public benefit to this is that many states are enacting smoke-free laws in the workplaces and public buildings to reduce the number of deaths and disability caused from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. Reference Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Health effects of secondhand smoke. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smo ke/health_effects/ Hoot, N.R., Aronsky, D. (2008). Systematic review of emergency department crowding: Causes, effects, and solutions . Annals of Emergency Medicine, 52(2), 126-136. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.03.014 McClelland, M.S., Lazar, D., Sears, V., Wilson, M., Siegel, B., Pines, J.M. (2011). The past, present, and future of Urgent Matters: Lessons learned from a decade of emergency department flow improvement. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(12), 1392-1399. doi:10.1111/j.1553- 2712.2011.01229.x The Neighborhood Pearson Health Science (Version 1.0) Retrieved from UOPX NUR408 Course Materials Tobacco use. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?t opicId=41

Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

The Shakespearian tragedy, Macbeth has been said to be one of Shakespeare’s most profound and mature visions of evil. In Macbeth we find not gloom but blackness, a man who finds himself encased in evil. Macbeth believes that his predicaments and the evils that he commits are worth everything he will have to endure. In spite of this towards the end of the play he realizes that everything he went through, was not worth the crown, or the high price he had to pay of losing his wife, and finding himself alone. Macbeth is shown as a kind and righteous man in the beginning of the play. He is the Thane of Glamis, and a brave warrior among men and is highly regarded by the king of Scotland. All these traits make Macbeth great. Conversely, several factors transform this one great man into a great tyrant and a malevolent murderer. Macbeth grows great throughout the play yet in reality becomes less and less as a man. Macbeth proves that wearing a crown and having the power does not fulfi ll all of one’s dreams and fantasies. Being the king does not necessarily make the man. In the first act we meet the witches and the mood of Macbeth is set-dark, gloomy, evil, supernatural- a perfect atmosphere to accompany the tragic hero. When Macbeth first meets the witches he is at the height of his moral ascendancy. He is Thane of Glamis and he just slaughtered a traitor from the Netherlands in the name of Scotland. However, Macbeth’s curiosity begins to stir when these three witches tell him of his fate. â€Å"All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter!† (Act 1, Sc.3 48-50) Macbeth is already the Thane of Glamis and the audience knows that King Duncan named him Thane of Cawdor. However, the last two prophecies could not make sense to Macbeth, and what they reveal to Banquo is even more puzzling. â€Å"Thou shall get kings, though thou, be none.† (Act 1, Sc.3 67) A curious Macbeth yearns to know more when the witches suddenly vanish. A moment later, the prophecies prove to be true. â€Å"And, for earnest of a greater honour, He bade me, From him, call thee Thane of Cawdor: In which addition, Hail! Most worthy Thane, for it is thine!† (Act 1, Sc.3 104-107) Macbeth wants to test the truth by asking Banquo if he also believes that the rest of the prophecies could be true. Banquo is suspicio... ...m; And let the angel whom thou still Hast served tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb Untimely ripped.† (Act 5 Sc. 8 13-16) Alone, confused, frustrated and shamed Macbeth dies a warrior by the sword of the worthy Macduff. In the fatal end Macbeth was called upon to pay the price for all his wrong doings. Macbeth could have been a great man. Macbeth was Thane of Cawdor and Glamis and most importantly respected by the King. Macbeth had a loving wife and a dear friend in Banquo and all this he yearned for, when he realized little to late he had it already. Had it not been for his belief in his own charmed existence and his belief in supernatural prophecies, if he had listened to Banquo’s warning, he would have never risked everything he loved, everything he had, and his own life for that crown. If Macbeth did not have so much pride in his own ambition he would have been a happy and respected man. â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other.† (Act 1 Sc. 7 25-30) Macbeth spoke these words in the beginning of the play and it was still to early in time, for him to realize how true that really was.

The Joy of Overcoming Pain :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

The Joy of Overcoming Pain Propelled forward by my surging leg muscles, sweat gushing down my face, the harsh reality of this 50-mile bike race has begun to invade my body. My eyes remain intensely focused straight ahead: Grinding away along the racecourse, I see five girls from a different team about 200 yards ahead of me. My team needs a contribution from me, I realize, and I make the decision to pass all three of them. Through the heat rising off the asphalt I can finally see the distant white line proclaiming the finish. My mind propels my legs to their maximum ability. In these last few seconds of exertion, the years of hard work are paying off. Soaring through the finish, I have achieved flight. Biking is a pure sport, requiring little more than a brain ready to conquer pain. It is a sport that calls for commitment and mental toughness. Through testing myself, I increase my resilience and grow stronger. I unleash the power of my mind, and I bike. Some people are born with great biking ability, and others, like myself, are born with the desire to excel at every challenge. I've become the best biker I can through hard work and dedication. Challenging myself with new goals every day, I bike against the forces of gravity and inertia. I love the thrill of competition -- the euphoric feeling I get when mind overcomes pain. As a four-year member of my high school biking team, I have experienced just about every physical infirmity that comes from biking. I have dealt with shin splints, biker's knee, broken toes, and pulled calf mussels. My orthopedic surgeon took one look at my legs and admitted that I'm "not built to be a biker." Yet, I chose to continue biking because of its daily challenges and rewards. I've learned from this sport that by focusing single-mindedly on achieving a goal, I can make any obstacle trivial. I still hear my coach's voice in my head: "If you sacrifice yourself, good things will happen." As much as a bike race requires individual strength physically and mentally, it also requires a team effort to succeed. Like sisters in a family, the girls I bike with understand and respect one another. We remind each other to work harder, eat right, and to accomplish the most we can.

Tourism theories and practices

â€Å" What Do Tourists Make And Why? † Critically DiscussTourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest turning industry and largest employers in the modern universe. This sheer enormousness of the industry is understood from the fact that the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. This essay will discourse in brief the different theories of touristry which define tourer behaviour, their functions, activities and motives which in bend influence the industry. Thesis statement: Tourists and their idea procedure, their behaviour and motives are centrifugal to the construct of touristry. Many bookmans have tried to specify the typology of the tourers, their categorizations in order to understand the construct of touristry. The essay will sketch some of the old theories and the modern twenty-four hours attack and why there is a demand for more research based surveies to work the potency of this industry.Meaning Of Tourism-What Is TourismMichel Eyquem De Montaigne said, â€Å"A adult male should of all time be ready booted to take his journey.† Man because of his gregarious nature is bound to go from one topographic point to another to carry through his assorted demands be it societal, emotional or physical. Traveling is therefore characteristic to human society on the whole. Travel and touristry was traditionally considered as a luxury point. But with the bend of the century, definition of travel and touristry has evolved. Tourism no longer stands for simple travelling or impermanent journeys and corsets chiefly for pleasance, leisure and or recreational intents or a luxury component. Twentieth century ushered in the paradigm displacement in the construct of touristry. In fact it will non be undue to state that there has been passage from the 19th and early twentieth century construct of touristry as an exercising in leisure and pleasance sphere to the construct of touristry as an exercising in concern, economic sciences. It is more of a consumer merchandise ; touristry industry is a vivacious market where touristry merchandises can be sold now as any other consumer merchandise, consumer here is the tourer. ( Kamra, p 157 ) Harmonizing to statistics brought out by the statistics of the World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) in 1994, touristry contributed 12 per cent of the universe ‘s Gross National Product. ( Kamra, 12 ) Tourism industry is one of the fastest turning industry using 100s of 1000000s of people worldwide, which explains the ground why the survey of the touristry and touristry research has become so of import in non merely the academic field but besides for the economic system on the whole. Modern twenty-four hours touristry is much more than simple travelling ; it is pure economic sciences, which is determined by theories of demand, and supply, which brings in the inquiry of sustainability. Tourism is no more synonymous to going. Today touristry is merely like a normal consumer merchandise which is driven by market kineticss, demand supply, sold through retail mercantile establishments. It no longer remains a luxury of the upper category but has become a aggregate merchandise for the turning consumer market, in this instance the turning tourer community. In fact there has been a combination of factors which have resulted in the proliferation of touristry industry. The premier being increased leisure, higher incomes of burgeoning in-between category. One of the chief drivers to growing in the coming epoch would be the turning in-between category. The survey of touristry theories and patterns hence would chiefly go around around the demands, motives, function, experiences of the tourers. What do tourers make and why? The most general categorization of tourers is on the footing of the demands of the tourer. This would chiefly sort the full tourer community into two groups-the traveller and the tourer. While the former is chiefly conceived as one who would fundamentally go to understand the topographic point and therefore would instead prefer longer trips and would be after it separately. The latter classified, as a tourer in layperson ‘s version would be characterized as one with superficial involvement. One who would indulge in shorter trips and group Tourss or charters and would chiefly depend on tour agents. But this categorization is really obscure.MotivationsMost of the tourers travel for alteration of environment because of which new constructs of touristry like eco-tourism, rural touristry have come into being. Cultural attractive forces, instruction, deriving cognition about new civilizations might be other of import motives. For illustration attractive force towards Buddhist civilization has made Myanmar and some parts of North East India a major hub for Buddhist tourers from all around the universe. Peoples from all around the universe travel to these topographic p oints to acquire see the Buddhist spirit. There can be other motives besides like quest for new experience, personal visits etc. Some of the most prevailing theories of finish development and categorization of tourers Some bookmans have tried to sort the tourer on the footing of their demands, which explains the ground for their travel. For illustration a tourer can be classified as adventurer, elite, upbeat, unusual, mass or charter on the footing of his/her demand. While an explorer tourer group will desire find, escapade, geographic expedition, a elect tourer might hold a particular personally customized tailored trip to any alien topographic points. Or for illustration an upbeat tourer might go to acquire off from the crowds. The categorization harmonizing to demand describes the chief intent of travel. There can be a pure mass group besides under the demand-based categorization where the tourer might prefer normal circuit bundles and vacation trips to conventional topographic points. Therefore categorization on the footing of demand to a big extent determines the demands and the activities of the tourers. There can besides be categorization on the footing of the significance and demand, where tourers might go for the interest of simple diversion, recreation, experiential, experimental grounds. There can be besides motivational based categorization. Understanding the motivation behind going might assist to foretell consumer mind. An American research worker named Plog ( Mason 26 ) put forth his theory based on the psychological science of tourers and these were published in 1973. Plog ‘s theory was based on a instance survey conducted on New York occupants and their attitudes to go. Plog ‘s discussed the tourer behaviour and motives based on the psychological science of the tourers. Therefore there are two types of tourers, the allo-centric and psycho-centric types of tourer. He argued that there are peculiar psychological types who do non like unfamiliar environments or civilizations, so when they select a vacation they will seek the familiar parts than unfamiliar distant parts ( these he termed psycho-centric ) . Plog farther added that there are still some groups in society who will be prepared to put on the line a far more unsure holiday finish. These tourers will seek for strange or unfamiliar and these he termed allo-centric. While the psycho-centric would non go far from the local environment the allo-centric would go long distances to unfamiliar locations. He concluded that the bulk of the tourers were neither to the full psycho- centric nor to the full allo-centric. Rather most of the tourers were located in the centre point between the two extremes of psycho-centric and allo-centric.And that bulk of the tourers would seek the familiar and prefer non to go great distances to acquire at that place. An of import point that emerged from the finish development of Plog ‘s theory is that different tourers finishs are attractive to different types of tourers based on the sort of traveller they are, psycho or allo-centric and that bulk of the tourers will prefer to go for short distances than longer 1s to travel for vacations. Therefore it suggests that the tourer finishs in most of the developed states which are in close propinquity to major population countries, busy countries, markets, residential countries are likely to be developed and turn more rapidly than those in the distant remote countries. However, in existent pattern, sometimes this theory may besides turn out incorrect. On the contrary many of the distant countries are now acquiring faster developed than those near the major population countries. While Plog ‘s theory was based more on the psychological portion of tourers, Erik Cohen ‘s theory relate to the behaviour of the tourers. Erik Cohen who developed a categorization of tourers where there was a four head categorization. First was the organized mass tourers who travel in groups, who prefer packaged vacation ( travel, adjustment, nutrient etc. ) normally arranged by a travel agent. The 2nd type was the single mass tourers who use the same installations as the organized mass tourers, but the difference lies merely in determination devising. This group makes more single based determinations about their activity and trip. There are besides the adventurers and the vagrants. While adventurers would most frequently arrange their ain trips, meet and interact with the locals vagrants avoid all contact with other tourers and leave with the locals. This categorization of tourers lives longer than the other groups. If both the above mentioned tourer theories which fundamentally delve into the features of human behavioural facets are combined so we would see that bulk of Cohen ‘s mass tourer and independent mass tourers would meet with Plog ‘s psycho-centric tourers. Subsequently in the mid 1970s, Doxey proposed the Irritation Index or the Irridex. The Irridex was based on the relationship between the tourers and the locals. The cardinal thought as it is apparent from the name of the index itself is that over a clip period as the figure of tourist addition in a peculiar country, a greater annoyance and hatred would construct up amongst the locals towards the tourers. So, over the clip as the locals gets more irritant with the visitants and go hostile, the figure of visitants might really worsen or might non go on to turn at the same rate as antecedently. But the job with most of these theories was that most of them were non based on proper field research but on treatments. Butler ‘s Tourist Area Life Cycle ( TALC ) ( Mason, 33 ) theoretical account on touristry which is still the most widely accepted and of import theory trades with a peculiar finish, his theory explains how a finish emerge as a tourer finish after several phases. Butler suggested a theoretical account where a touristry finish develops over clip as a consequence of several factors. Destination is a really of import component in touristry. A finish is defined most widely as a merchandise is marketed to its consumers. And like all other merchandises, tourer finishs besides have a life rhythm. Butler proposed a theoretical account for touristry country life rhythm in which he showed how a finish begins as a comparatively unknown topographic point and visitants foremost come in little fractions because of deficiency of entree, installations and local cognition ( Miller and Galluci, 2004 ) The cardinal point in Butler ‘s theoretical account was that planning and proper remedial action by the tourers can assist collar the diminution in resorts and touristry substructure. One of the major challenges that the World Tourism Organization made in its Global Forecasts for the twelvemonth 2000 and beyond is the issue of sustainability, which relates to the absorbent capacity of an economic system with regard to touristry. This does non mention to the physical capacity entirely but besides to the capacity of a peculiar country to supply touristry substructure, pool in investings, work force, and natural resources. While manpower would non be a restraint, other natural resources might be. The theory of sustainable touristry therefore away late has emerged of greater relevancy, which is necessary to advance environmental consciousness and hike touristry industry on the whole. Sustainable touristry in a nutshell can be explained as a agency by which tourer growing is achieved every bit good as environment and Earth ‘s scarce resources are preserved. Apart from the environment issue another firing issue, which might emerge as an hindrance is deficiency of trained skilled work force to present value add-ons. In decision it can be said that although several touristry theories have been put away by several bookmans to find the functions and activities, the features of tourers to hike the industry. There is a general deficiency of consciousness about these theories amidst the policy shapers. Tourism industry is still one of those industries, which is regulated by authorities disposal. There are broad assortments of conceptual and theoretical attacks to touristry, which have to be tested in world. This apart there is a farther demand for more field surveies and employment of professionals in carry oning the research, which will assist accomplish greater theoretical orientation and practical application. The touristry industry has been turning at a phenomenal rate for the last 50 twelvemonth particularly, after the Second World War. The recession has had an consequence on the industry, but the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. Keeping in melody with the altering times consumer demands will besides alter, more categorizations based on turning demands of tourers might emerge. What can be the cultural and societal impact of touristry development Research workers have identified a whole gamut of positive impacts of touristry development on societies. For illustration the direct results of touristry development would be the alteration of the internal construction of the community, increasing employment chances of the local occupants, societal alteration, economic richness, betterment of the quality of life through substructure development. Similarly the interaction between the host and tourer additions tolerance and communicating accomplishments etc. On the cultural side the humanistic disciplines, trades and civilization of the local country might be revived. Research workers have besides identified several cons like deployment of natural resources, increased force per unit area on bing substructure, commodification of civilization and its negative effects etc ( Beeton 2005a, p122 ) Therefore it can be seen in the essay how tourist behavioural demands, motives, actions straight and indirectly affect touristry development in a topographic point. Merely right sort of patterns would be able to give the necessary encouragement to this industry, which entirely will lend the largest ball in planetary trade. Understanding the demands and motives of the tourers will assist hike touristry industry manifolds. What is required is the right attack. Tourists ‘ behaviour research in touristry has to be based on motives, typologies, finish picks and the determination procedure. While this is good some bookmans criticize it as stereotyped and generalized which might non be the same in world. The spread between the theories and the world can be bridged through research and changeless survey of tourer behaviour.MentionsK Kamra 1997, â€Å" Tourism: Theory, Planning and Practice † , Second Edition-2008 Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management † ( Online book version ) , Second edition- 2008, Mason, P. & A ; Cheyne, J. ( 2000 ) . † Residents ‘ Attitudes to Proposed Tourism Development, Annals of Tourism Research. † Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management † Second Edition Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, â€Å" Consumer behavior in travel and touristry † Softcover edition published 2000

Heat Stress

Heat Stress Heat Stress The issue of heat stress is of immense significance to human health, especially if people are working in a hot environment under improper conditions, for instance, without cooling systems. Typically, people fall victims to heat stress if their bodies get overheated. In this case, the following illnesses threaten human health such as heat cramps, the heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat rash, and fainting (Heat Stress). Muscle spasms, which are predominantly painfully felt in tired muscles, are known as heat cramps. If a workers body cannot regulate its basic temperature anymore, he or she can suffer from the heat stroke. The body cannot get rid of excessive heat as the process of sweating stops. The heat stroke is the most severe health problem that may result into death unless treated immediately. A person experiences heat exhaustion if he or she does not drink enough or consume enough salt; a person is weak, wet, and pale. Humid and hot environments that prevent sweat from evaporating easily may cause heat rash, which can cause an infection. Heat syncope or fainting typically affects those workers who are not used to heat and simply stand still rather than move (Heat Stress). Taking into consideration the above mentioned facts, it becomes clear that acclimatization, i.e. the process of adaption to a new climate, cannot be underestimated. The complete process of heat acclimatization lasts up to fourteen days. During the first five days, the cardiovascular function improves. The plasma volume expands till the fourteenth day of heat acclimatization, the heart rate reduces, and the autonomic nervous system adapts to heat. The initial eight days of acclimatization are characterized by the increase in the plasma cortisol level. Thermoregulatory adaptations occur during the fifth and eighth days which result in a decreased temperature of a body.Besides, during the third and ninth days of acclimatization, the losses of sodium chloride in urine and sweat decrease, which results in the expansion of extracellular fluid volume (Armstrong, 1998).

Goals of Marketing Research Paper Example

Goals of Marketing Research Paper Example Goals of Marketing Paper Goals of Marketing Paper What are the basic goals of marketing? The basic goals of marketing is to target people who an interest in your product or service. The real challenge of marketing is in finding people who are most likely to want what you are selling and then get them to buy what you are selling. Take a good look at the products around your home. Why do you pick the brands you pick? Its called product differentiation. If you want your product to stand out, emphasize a retain feature or aspect about the product that makes It stand out above similar products and markets. And of course the smaller the niche, the better the fit between your services and the market for It, which will lead to a long lasting relationship with mutual benefits. Always select, read and use the resources of your target market and youll be able to predict with measurable success the trends and shifts In the market. You have to realize Its the market that drives the sellers, so you cant Just sell anything you want. :

intelligence tests essays

intelligence tests essays Its a sad but true fact that people are constantly being measured and tested everyday. This testing is not necessarily for themselves, but for others to rate and categorize the subjectee. That person is then placed and stereotyped based on the result of a test. This is unfair. However, unfair as it may be, it is still a reality today that everyone encounters during their lifetime. The job market uses tests to see where people will fit in the most with what company. Colleges use tests to help determine who is selected to go to their school, and psychologists use tests to help determine if someone needs help or not. Using tests to place someone in a certain category is unfair, unjust, and biased. People are raised and brought up to their own custom, which doesnt always fit in with others customs. People experience different situations throughout their life and often cannot relate similar experiences together. It has been shown that certain races of a culture score higher than certain races of another culture. This is not due to that one race is smarter than the other; it could be the fact that the test asked questions that favored one group or another. If you give a group of American students a test on the history of North America and compare the scores to the scores of some students from Ethiopia, of course the Americans would score higher. But you can easily reverse that effect by having the test on a topic the Ethiopians know quite a bit about and then compare it to the Americans (Kasschau, 1995). My point is the tests have to be equal and fair to each and every person who will take the test, which is impossible to do. Everyone will have different experiences thro ughout their life and there is no way preventing that from happening. Another discrepancy has come up with intelligence testing, and that is of sex bias. In the widely-taken SAT, the ratio of men to women me ...

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism - Essay Example One can use the resources of other people to paraphrase, summarize, copy words, phrases or sentences in his or her work. Therefore, writers should fully acknowledge the source of the resource used for clear citation through in-citation or bibliography in order to avoid plagiarism There are various strategies that writers use to avoid plagiarism in their work. The first strategy widely used by academic writers to avoid plagiarism is proper documentation of resources used in their contents. Content documentation refers to the acknowledgment of authors of academic work used in developing one's work. The writer documents the authors of resources such as books, articles, blogs, newspaper posts, essays, magazines, songs, and artworks. Documentation is the safest and appropriate strategy to avoid plagiarism completely. Secondly, academic writers employ another strategy of proper planning before beginning to write academic work. Planning is an important step to make while writing academic papers and presentations since it ensures that one utilizes resources effectively and acknowledges authors adequately. Proper planning also enhances proper choice of works, ideas, statements and phrase to use in the content of the work being produced. Planning for academic writing involves adequate resource search, analysis of identified sources in accordance with the topic discussed and selection of the most appropriate resources to use in executing the academic writing process. Therefore, proper planning is an important strategy used by the writer to avoid writing mistakes such as plagiarism. The two strategies of avoiding plagiarism identified have different impact and importance in the academic writing process. In a comparison of these strategies, both strategies enable writers to avoid plagiarism in the work.  

A critical study of credit risk management in the First Bank of Dissertation - 2

A critical study of credit risk management in the First Bank of Nigeria PLC - Dissertation Example All types of transactions have risk factors attached to them. If considered as an isolated case, then the loss can be treated as standalone. However, if a portfolio is considered like financial instruments and loans, there is the diversification effect which means risks of individual transactions get diluted. This is because every individual transaction cannot become a bad debt, and it is also not possible that all financial instruments of a trading book will end up as losses caused by market movements. It is universally accepted that the â€Å"sum of individual risks is less than the risk of the sum.† There is also the concept of dependency, i.e. inter-related events which determines the effects of diversification. For instance, a loan can become a bad debt depending on some common factors like the economic condition of market. Therefore to compute the risk of portfolios, it is necessary that these common factors be monitored (Bessis, 2011, pp.25-26). Credit risk can be defin ed as the non-ability of a debtor or issuer of any financial instrument to make payment of the principal amount as per the terms and conditions of the credit agreement (Greuning & Bratanovic, 2009, p.161). The loss that occurs is related to the valuation of the financial instruments and their liquidity. The financial instruments can reduce at high rate if the default is totally unexpected. The resultant loss is the â€Å"difference between the pre- and post-default prices.† (Bessis, 2011, p.29) Banks are most vulnerable regarding credit risk issue since default or delay of payments can lead to cash flow problems or can cause liquidity of the bank. Although there are many aspects of finance, in the balance sheet of the bank 70 percent of it is related to credit risk management. Out of many factors that are responsible for a bank’s failure, credit risk is the most common factor. A bank’s credit risk is mostly determined by its loan portfolio, yet it is equally imp ortant to assess the creditworthiness of any debtor or issuer of financial instruments to understand the potential credit risk. Financial analysts and supervisory agencies of banks give much importance to credit policies designed by the Board of Directors, and how they are implemented by the managers. A credit policy needs to give a framework of the credit structure of bank, i.e. allocation of credit and management of credit portfolio. For instance, the policy should give information about how investments and financing assets are supervised, managed and reviewed. A credit policy need not be excessively conditional, so that proposals for consideration can be placed before the board even if those proposals do not strictly follow the guidelines of the policy. A bank’s credit policy should have enough flexibility to be able to adapt to the changing relations between the bank’s standing assets and the market fluctuations (Greuning & Bratanovic, 2009, pp.161-162). There are certain standard theories of a bank’s credit management and they are – 1) identification and assessment of potential credit risks, 2) credit policies that define the bank’s perspective of risk management, and 3) the parameters of the policies within which credit risk will be monitored. Generally there are three kinds of credit risk management policies. The first one has the objective of minimizing any potential risk and includes policies on â€Å"concentration and large exposures, diversification, lending to connected parties, and overexposure.† The second set of policies targets at classifying assets. These policies make it compulsory to do periodic monitoring of the â€Å"collectibility of the portfolio of credit instruments.† The third set of policies is designed in the manner to set

Philosophy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy Paper - Essay Example Hume is representative of skepticism in the search for Truth, skepticism of the mind itself in its ability to make valid judgments devoid of connection with material reality. Only when mental deductions were tied directly to â€Å"objective fact† through material measurements and statistical replicability would they be validated by the scientific method. Thus, the foundations of epistemology are revised with Hume in European thought, and Kant’s â€Å"Critique of Pure Reason† is an example of this in German philosophy of the same period. Kant’s polemics against metaphysics served to promote their devaluation in Western thought from the early 18th century, and metaphysics with its subjective methods that could not be proved or measured empirically were no longer considered objective knowledge. Hume’s writings on the biases, and the manner that logic reasons from the biases awoke Kant to writing his â€Å"Critique of Pure Reason† and other treatises. What Hume wrote of in the biases Kant would formulate more clearly in a conceptualization of a priori knowledge. In Kant’s philosophy, the logic of the biases was transformed into a type of integral essentialism, where the logic governing a process was held by the observer to be simultaneously its own nature, cause, and identity. This is based in an analysis of materialism that, like Hume, was based on substance and empiricism as indicative of the factuality of truth. In Kant, the application of moral awareness is limited to experience in the w orld as such, and therefore cannot be extended beyond being through speculation to places where the individual had no experience, thus limiting metaphysics to physics in the academic context of knowledge construction and validation. Kant’s model of consciousness was based on the preservation of the moral consciousness within logical thought or as its greater context of understanding. Thus, through this application, the biases in the

Fashion Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion Media - Essay Example Fashion writing may not follow the overall procedural and deontological aspects of professionalism in journalism, particularly because pieces of fashion will most likely be trends and tendencies that are purely subjective or speculative. Fashion writing encompasses a number of varied tasks including, but not limited to, writing or editing articles, formulation and styling of fashion shoots, researching and/or conducting interviews, as well as, establishing contacts with significant people in the fashion industry such as photographers, and designers. Fashion and media have been inseparable entities over the years since media plays a very significant core role in the fashion industry; this has instigated the rise of a distinctive area in media known as fashion journalism. Editorial critique, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets thr ough which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be inferred from the pervasiveness of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. Fashion magazines such as the Vogue or the Runway Magazine, fashion segments on entertainment shows, as well as shows dedicated to fashion such as Fashion Television, in addition to, fashion blogs and press coverage provides publicity for the fashion industry (Iannacci, 2011). Vogue fashion magazine Founded in 1892 by Arthur Turnure, the Vogue magazine is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine, which is... This essay describes the intricate relationship between fashion and media that has evolved over the years, leading to the establishment of the distinctive field of fashion writing or fashion journalism, which exclusively focuses on fashion trends and tendencies in the modern age. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be associated with the ubiquity of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. In recent times, fashion has been re-evaluated, not only in terms of its credibility as an area of scholarly investigation, but also in terms of its place, particularly in western cultures. Fashion debates in fashion writing have often dwelt on the similarities and differences between fashion and art. The rise of innovative communication tools such as the internet and the pervasiveness of media in mainstream society have further enhanced the relationship between media and the f ashion industry. Presently, editorial critiques, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets through which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. To conclude, the researcher sums up the purposes of modern fashion writing and states that fashion writing provides critiques of the fashion industry, particularly on new trends and tendencies, or pieces of designers in the fashion world.

International Corporate Finacial Strategy Case Study

International Corporate Finacial Strategy - Case Study Example The role of businesses in society these days has been emphasized particularly due to their sensitivity to social, ethical, and environmental issues. Issues like environmental damage, improper treatment of workers, or even faulty production that inconveniences or endangers customers are highlighted in the media. Reputation that can be built over a number of years can be ruined in hour through incidents that compromise social, ethical, and environmental standards. In some countries government regulation regarding environmental and social issues has increased. Even investors and investment fund managers have begun to take account of a company's Corporate Social Responsibility policy into investment decision-making, commonly known as ethical investing. The primary objective of Signet Group is to be a jewellery retailer of choice for a majority of the population in the countries where it has a footprint. Moreover, the primary financial objective of the Group is to be profitable in its operations and deliver an acceptable growth in value to shareholders, which is sustainable. In achieving its aforementioned objectives, Signet Group faces concerns regarding social, ethical and environmental matters. These matters, if not dealt with efficiently and effectively, may hinder the Group from progressing and achieving its objectives. These concerns are outlined below: Accountability to stakeholders Human rights Labour standards Health and safety; and The environment In recent years, expectations of stakeholders of public companies have increased. It is imperative that the companies manage and respond to these changing expectations so that business viability is not questioned. The success of Signet Group, for that matter any company, is dependent on the strength and effectiveness of its relationships with its various stakeholders: shareholders, customers, suppliers, and employees. Stakeholders have varying expectations from the company. For instance, shareholders or investors have an insatiable expectation of a competitive overall return from the company. They demand that the company maximize shareholder wealth. If Signet does not have a strong social, ethical and environmental (SEE) framework in place, there is a possibility that the company's reputation can be compromised which, in turn, may hurt its operations and finally, its revenue potential and profitability. Signet Group has a no-tolerance policy for unlawful discrimination. In respect of people with disabilities, full and fair consideration is given to employment. Unfair employment practices can potentially put the reputation of the organization at stake which may lead to losses. Signet Group actively participates in the Association of Jewelers of America to implement the SEE standards set by the industry across the organization. This is to ensure that SEE risks at the mining, trading and secondary processing phases of the supply chain are managed through effective cooperation within the industry. Whilst the direct

Fashion Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion Media - Essay Example Fashion writing may not follow the overall procedural and deontological aspects of professionalism in journalism, particularly because pieces of fashion will most likely be trends and tendencies that are purely subjective or speculative. Fashion writing encompasses a number of varied tasks including, but not limited to, writing or editing articles, formulation and styling of fashion shoots, researching and/or conducting interviews, as well as, establishing contacts with significant people in the fashion industry such as photographers, and designers. Fashion and media have been inseparable entities over the years since media plays a very significant core role in the fashion industry; this has instigated the rise of a distinctive area in media known as fashion journalism. Editorial critique, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets thr ough which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be inferred from the pervasiveness of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. Fashion magazines such as the Vogue or the Runway Magazine, fashion segments on entertainment shows, as well as shows dedicated to fashion such as Fashion Television, in addition to, fashion blogs and press coverage provides publicity for the fashion industry (Iannacci, 2011). Vogue fashion magazine Founded in 1892 by Arthur Turnure, the Vogue magazine is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine, which is... This essay describes the intricate relationship between fashion and media that has evolved over the years, leading to the establishment of the distinctive field of fashion writing or fashion journalism, which exclusively focuses on fashion trends and tendencies in the modern age. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be associated with the ubiquity of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. In recent times, fashion has been re-evaluated, not only in terms of its credibility as an area of scholarly investigation, but also in terms of its place, particularly in western cultures. Fashion debates in fashion writing have often dwelt on the similarities and differences between fashion and art. The rise of innovative communication tools such as the internet and the pervasiveness of media in mainstream society have further enhanced the relationship between media and the f ashion industry. Presently, editorial critiques, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets through which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. To conclude, the researcher sums up the purposes of modern fashion writing and states that fashion writing provides critiques of the fashion industry, particularly on new trends and tendencies, or pieces of designers in the fashion world.

Police corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Police corruption - Research Paper Example Police has been vested with enormous powers; these powers are essential for maintaining the rule of law. However these powers can also be the source of corruption as people are usually at the mercy of the police officers in many circumstances where they have been wronged. People who have been fighting for democracy and governance regard the issue of fighting police corruption with utmost importance. Police must not only serve the common man but should also be seen as serving the common man. This is essential if basic human rights have to be protected and people have to live in safe and secure environments. When people who have been entrusted with the task of protecting people, engage in corruption themselves it leads to cynicism and may erode public confidence in democracy. Police corruption is not a standalone issue. It is a function of larger systematic problem which is compounded by lack of transparency , absence of checks and balances and fragile institutions. Although the popular perception is always that police corruption is rampant and should be death with an iron hand it is not always possible to do this. The government and the judiciary have to always take sensitivities into account. This paper tries to find out the different kinds of police corruption that are prevalent and also tries to find out the solution to the problem through a systematic method. Understanding Police Corruption In very simple terms corruption may be defined as the use of public powers in order to get personal gains. Police corruption occurs at both the levels – on the streets and also behind the scenes in offices. Officers corruption range from petty corruption to collusion with criminals where the look the other way and do not perform their constitutional duties. The extreme end is when police officers themselves take part in criminal activities in order to have financial or other benefits. Police officers have been vested with enormous powers in order to enforce law. These include the powers to stop, question, search, arrest people and even use lethal force whenever circumstances deteriorate. The important thing is that police have extraordinary amount of discretion in the exercise of these powers which give ample avenues for corruption. Backroom corruption in the police department does not consist of the use of these powers but involves irregular a nd illegal practices in the award of contracts, receiving kickbacks for favorable appointments and transfers and negligence in investigations and discipline. This corruption is done by supervisors and senior officers and thus the amount of money involved is also large. We will analyze each of these cases of corruption in detail here. Petty Individual Corruption Whenever we talk about police corruption to a common man, the most common type of corruption which comes to our minds is traffic police corruption. This form of corruption may be limited din developed countries but is extremely prevalent in every developing country. Some countries are so notorious for traffic police corruption that whenever a person is stopped for police checking he assumes that he will have to cough up. Other forms of petty corruption include extorting regular payments from market vendors, asking people to pay money for

William Foxwell Albright Essay Example for Free

William Foxwell Albright Essay William Foxwell Albright was born in 1891 and died eighty years later in 1971. He was born in Chile, where his parents were missionaries. Poor eye sight as a child meant he did not often join other children in play. Instead he turned to his father’s library. The family returned to the United State of America in 1903. Always a scholar,, his skills meant that he obtained his doctorate in Semitic languages at the very early age of 22 in 1913. From 1929 – 1958 he taught at John Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where he was the professor of Semitic Languages, while, for much of that time, also being director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, now re-named as The W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. He held the latter post from 1921 to 29 and again from 1933-6. He was also the senior editor of the Anchor Bible series for the fifteen years from 1956 until he died in 1971 as well as making contributions to important definitive reference books such as the Cambridge University Press , ‘The Cambridge Ancient History’. According to his sentry in the New World Encyclopedia he was concerned with:- The social and political structure, the religious concepts and practices and other human activities and relationships that are found in the Bible or pertain to peoples mentioned in the Bible. Following the example of Sir William Flinders Petrie, who worked in Southern Israel from 1890 onwards, Albright was able to establish a systematic way of dating pottery found in Palestine, as when Tell Beit Mirsim , to the south west of Hebron in Jordan, was excavated in the years from 1926-36. His earliest archaeological investigations had as their focus the historicity of the Patriarchs. As late as 1961 he was able to utilize much of his knowledge on this subject , gathered over many years, in his article ‘Abram the Hebrew, a new archeological perspective. ’ In 1922 he had worked at the site of Gibeah ( Tell el ful, meaning hill of beans ) He would also work at other sites such as Beth-Zur, Bethel and Petra , the great trading city of the Nabateans, in Jordan. Although best known, and mainly concerned with biblical archeology, he was also able to make his contribution to knowledge about other near eastern subjects. He helped to establish a correct dating for Hammurabi in Babylon, when he argued with other scholars that their interpretation of a Mari letter was incorrect , His paper entitled, New Light from Egypt on the Chronology and History of Israel and Judah, was concerned with dating the Egytian pharoah Shishak, a contemporary of Soloman who began to rule at some point from 945 and 940 B. C. E. He laid the foundation of the understanding of ancient West Semitic cultures, in particular the religion of the Cananites. For all these reasons he was referred to as ‘The Great Authenticator’ because, among other things, it was he who identified, the Dead Sea Scroll as being authentic, despite his poor eye sight. In 1948, having only seen a photograph up to that point, of the scroll of Isaiah, he wrote to John C. Trevor at the at American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem in March 1948 :- I repeat that in my opinion you have made the greatest manuscript discovery of modern timescertainly the greatest biblical manuscript find What an incredible find! There were in fact some 15,000 fragments making up texts from 574 original manuscripts. The particular text concerned, a complete copy of the prophecy of Isaiah, which had been shown to Trevor by a Syrian Orthodox monk about a year after the original discovery of the scrolls, was the oldest Hebrew text discovered up to that time. Some of his work was instinctive, as when he studied a letter, believed by others to be from the Bronze Age, that is some 4,000 years ago. According to Dale Keiger he just sensed that something was wrong. Only recently has he been proved right. Keiger says of him :- The Bible, before William Foxwell Albright, was exempt from critical appraisal: It was simply Gospel. He goes on to describe how, because he could not see well enough to join in ball games, he studied from an early age. He was brought up in a Christian home and never repudiated Christian interpretations of the Bible, but he did say that it should be studied in the context of history. Albright has been described as the:- Father of biblical archaeology and the dean of American archaeologists working in the southern Levant from the 1920s through the 1960s. And he was ‘father’ in the sense that he passed on both his knowledge and enthusiasm. A number of his former students became leaders in their own right in the field of Biblical study and in archeology. Yet the same writer claims that the impact he made upon archaeological methods can be described as negligible. So was Albright as great as has been claimed? Other workers Although relatively well known because of his association with the amazing finds at Qumran in the 1940’s, Albright was in fact only one of dozens of other leaders of archeological expeditions. These began in a small way when an attempt was made in 1838 by Edward Robinson and Eli Smith to identify biblical cities, using as their basis modern day Arabic names . From the 1860’s onwards Warren began searching in Jerusalem. Albright actually used for the most part methods already established by earlier workers, rather than developing new ways of working. It was the British archeologist Kathleen Kenyon who developed the idea of stratigraphy, which involved close examination of the soil under and around objects discovered. It was her method, which was more demanding upon the excavators that was used from the 1950’s at very important sites such as Jerusalem and Jericho. It was based not upon instinct, but upon very careful analysis and interpretation of the materials found. Albright’s achievements. In Bernard Anderson’s work of 1957 ‘The Living World of the Old Testament’ the index has 17 citations under the name W. F. Albright . This gives some indication of the amount and range of his scholarly writing. For instance it is his opinion about the probable date of the Exodus that became widely accepted at the time. Much of his writing is about the translation of ancient texts. He is known for instance for his views on the history of the word YHWH which he said had it origins in God’s creative ability, a view accepted by some scholars, as Anderson describes. His scholarly writing was wide ranging, as when he described the Canaanite religion in the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit. though it may be in this case that he was only restating what others such as Pritchard had discovered about such very early texts, although Anderson does quote a translation by Albright. He was prepared to argue with others when he felt that he was right as when he stood out about the dating of the Song of Deborah , and the battle of Megiddo. Also with regard to the Biblical prophecy of Habakkuk Anderson describe how many scholars see the Psalm in chapter 3 as having been inserted by different writer, whereas Albright held out for a substantially unique authorship for the whole book, basing this upon the language used. Work by Albright has been confirmed by later work, as when he evacuated King Saul’s fortress at Gibeah, in 1922-3 and found that the charismatic Israelite leader lived a very simple life, in a two story building built upon earlier foundations. His findings were confirmed by Paul Lapp who looked at the site again in 1964. He was acknowledged as an expert upon links between the Bible and archeological findings because of his many writings, as when he wrote ‘Archeology and the Religion of Israel’. Albright was able to study the group of artefacts known as the LMLK seals. He also performed many on-site excavations, the first being one of the most significant, when in 1923 he was able to excavate a tumulus situated near Jerusalem, Israel. Criticism of Albright’s work. Some recent archeologists have seemed to be trying to make a separation between the Biblical record and archeology, whereas Albright sought to prove the Bible from archeology. Archeologist William Denver has said ’Most people really think that archeology is out to prove the Bible. No archeologist thinks so. ’ He has also said of Albright that :- Central theses (regarding the historicity of the Bible) have all been overturned, partly by further advances in biblical criticism, but mostly by the continuing archaeological research of younger Americans and Israelis to whom he himself gave encouragement and momentum. Despite such statements in Albright’s case he was often able to confirm the Biblical record. It has been found by people such as Lapp that his archeology was correct. Having said that Metzer and Coogan in 1993 said that his identification of Tell Beit Mersim as Debir has been disputed. Debir was the ancient fortress of one of the kings of the Amorites who were eventually defeated by Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan, . Despite this the Thompson Chain Bible marks it to the south west of Hebron as Albright said. The Oxford Companion to the Bible has a similar map, so even when his findings are disputed they are accepted by at least some scholars. Albright’s were not the only person whose findings were disputed. The various different views caused much confusion in the mind of the public. In 1932 he wrote:- Small wonder that historians and Biblical scholars turned away from this chaos of conflicting views in despair, convinced that the main purpose of archaeology was to unearth inscriptions and occasionally to elucidate the arts and the crafts of the ancient inhabitants. Times have moved on in what Thomas described as ‘The Shifting Sands’ of archeology. According to William Dever, as quoted by Thomas Davis, staff needed for excavations in Bible lands would no longer ask the questions posed by the Bible and it associated archaeology, but those raised American anthropology. Conclusion Albright’s real claim to fame seems to have been not so much as a pure archeologist as in his skills in the Semitic group of languages. He was able, despite his faulty eyesight, to examine ancient texts and come to important conclusions. In some cases his findings clearly back up the literal Biblical record. It has now been almost 40 years since his death and so perhaps it is time for a reassessment of his scholarly contribution. There is ongoing work on the Dead Sea Scrolls, but apparently no doubts about Albright’s original dating of the finds at between 200 BCE and 200 C. E. Archeologist Doctor Bryant Wood , one of the Associates for Biblical Research, has described the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls. They are important because they are roughly 1000 years older than the previously known texts with which they can be compared. This means that they show how the Old Testament scriptures have been faithfully copied and carried forward down the years. Albright was many things – all of them to high standards. He was a biblical scholar and historian, a linguist as well as being an archeologist and an expert in early ceramics. His careful scholarship meant he was able to merge the science of archaeology and his knowledge of the languages used in the Biblical countries with the ancient Biblical narratives, in several instances proving their historical accuracy. In 1964, when his active working life was drawing to its close, he described himself not as a biblical archaeologist, or even as archaeologist, but rather as an Orientalist. Since his day new methods have come in, often using modern day electronic devices that were unavailable to Albright. Despite this it is with good reason that his writings are described as authoritative. During his life time he received numerous awards including both honorary doctorates, and medals. All archeologists are scientists, but they all also work to some extent using their instincts when making choices – Albright it seems was one of the best at doing so, despite the fact that in more recent years his has received considerable adverse criticism. He did his best according to the skills, knowledge, methods, beliefs and attitudes of his time. Dr Albright was able to bring Biblical archeology into the notice of the mainstream However it seems that, according to Thomas Davis , George Ernest Wright, a student of Albright’s has done work which could bring about the end of the kind of Bible based archeology Albright promoted so well. Despite all the negativism in 2004 Thomas Davis, who makes dozens of references to Albright in his book of that year, still felt able to write that ‘Biblical archeology still has validity as a name for the sphere of interaction of archaeology and the Bible.’ G. Ernest Wright in 1982, described him as:- The dominant creative figure in the attempt to place the Bible in a perspective of the whole of ancient history. References. Albright, W. F. The New World Encyclopedia, available from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/William_F. _Albright internet, accessed 12th May 2010 Albright, W. F. to John C. Trevor, March 1948, The Dead Sea Scrolls, available from http://virtualreligion. net/iho/dss. html, internet, accessed 11th May 2010 Albright, W. F. , Abram the Hebrew, a new archeological interpretation, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 163: 36–54. 1961) Albright, W. F. , â€Å"The Ancient Tell Beit Mirsim†, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Number 23, 1926: 2-14, available from http://ancientneareast. tripod. com/Beit_Mirsim. html, internet, accessed 10th May 2010 Albright, W. F. Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, Baltimore, John Hopkins, 1946 Albright W. F. , Archaeology of Palestine and the Bible. New York: Fleming H. Revell. 1932

Strategic Objectives Of Operations Management Within Organization Commerce Essay

Strategic Objectives Of Operations Management Within Organization Commerce Essay Operations management is the area of business; it deals with the production and services. It involves the responsibility of the business operations are efficient with the help of using small resources as needed. It is the process that converts inputs into outputs in the form of product and services. Operation management is the heart of the organization by controlling the operations of the system. It deals with the operation, design and improvement the quality of systems product and services. Operations management, marketing and finance are the functional field of the business with management responsibilities. The importance of operations management in every business organizations activity attached and it plays important role to ensure that organization achieve their objectives and goals or not. Honda Motors is an automobile company which produces bikes and cars. To managing every business activity it requires necessary operations management techniques. To ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the organization Honda Motors uses operations management. How to well resources like human expertise, machines efficiency and materials are use to improve organizations performance. The company is having primary objective of to earn maximum profit. The company reduces cost of the production using multiple new technologies. The company must have objective to increase productivity by using minimum resources. Honda Motors have effectiveness and efficiency because they fully utilised worker productivity, proper utilization of resources, and management techniques. Honda Motors use operations management for proper utilization of its products and services management. Wide range of management activities is having product or service management, new ideas for the product to provide support to customers who purchased the new Honda product. Product management conducts by every organization whether it is done intentionally or unintentionally. Honda Motors uses it expert skill for to improving production techniques, quality improvement, marketing through advertise and magazines to introduce new products in the market place. Strategic objectives of Honda Motors Fig: Strategic Management Strategic management is nothing but of the art of implementing and evaluating well decisions that enable an organization to achieve its objective. Setting organizations objective is one of the most important and challenging task. The success and failure of the organization depends upon the setting of the strategic objectives. Strategic objectives are set for longer period. In Honda Motors strategic objectives set for three to five years. Honda Motors understand their internal capabilities as well as environment .Strategic objectives plan gives guidelines and directions to Honda Motors for where to start and where the organization is going. Another objective is to motivate the managers and team members for giving reward when they are taking initiative for to progress of the organization. The objective setting helps to evaluate the success of Honda Motors in the strategic planning. Tool for analysis of the strategic objectives SWOT Analysis SWOT tool is widely used in organization for strategic planning, SWOT analysis is basic guide for strategic planning. If management is provide proper information about objective then this tool very useful for the company. SWOT analysis finds capabilities and its internal position by identifying the companys strengths and weaknesses. Once the organization identified its strengths and weaknesses then it should determine the importance of each factor. Management team must make analysis of all strength and weaknesses and find the level of these strength and weaknesses. The importance of these strengths and weaknesses should be identified. SWOT Analysis of Honda Motors Strengths High RD Innovation Market share leadership in smart segment Strong brand equity Unique products Production system that is refined over the years Weaknesses High cost structure compared to China   Company depends on profits coming from throughout the world, thus subject to global economies performance. Opportunities Now a day, Customers continuously increased interest into less fuel consuming and minimum pollution cars, Honda Motors having powerful RD to develop these types of cars for taking more and more benefit of the market. Customers required quality product with paying minimum cost. Honda motors taking this advantage having his product minimum cost and best quality as compare to other products. Threats Economic slowdown due the financial crisis in 2008 External changes (government, politics, taxes, etc.) Lower cost competitors or imports from Performance operations, objectives of the company An organization success is depends on three major factors that is product quality, cost, and speed. In todays market trend every customer focuses on these three things of the product. If any companies product quality is good, and cost is also minimum with having good comfort as compare to other products then your products demand increase in market place. This will helps to organization for long term sale of the particular product. For maintaining all these things, companys operation management must be good. Organization must be achieving objectives with help of strategic planning. Honda Motors having good operations management, to achieve objective of the organization. Strategic objective planning helps to achieve organization objectives. To maintain good product quality Honda motors uses operations management. With the help of operations management organization finds his dependability of the production, and it also helps to organization how to fulfil the dependability of the organiz ation. Honda Motors have flexible and powerful operations management for making quality products. Honda Motors every year make survey of the market for the understanding current market needs. After the analysis of the survey Honda Motors decides his strategic objectives and these objectives organization achieve by using good operations methodology. In todays market place Honda Motors having powerful brand because of company produce quality product and sale the product with minimum price as per the market needs. Company launch his product in a market with having good quality, comfort, and minimum price as compare to competitors products. Flexibility is most important part of the organization, organization must make changes into the product as per the market requirement and this is achieved by good operations management of the company. Flexibility is very helpful for companys success. With the help of operations management organization achieve strategic objectives. If company having p owerful operations management in a company, it will automatically achieve organizational strategic objectives. Honda Motors always take this advantage and achieve his strategic objectives. [1][2] Systems to ensure quality of product and services Business Process Management In the competitive world every organization creates different products from the competitors for to secure business in the market place. Quality management is the need for todays business environment. In these days consumer can choose variety of similar products, but consumer select which are different from others. If customer not satisfied with this product performance they switch to this brand. Thus the organization must focus on customers needs and wants and differentiation of the quality from the other number of competitors. Customer satisfaction is most important for build up brand loyalty and this helps for long term sales. To complete specific business outcome business process used set of easy or difficult business oriented tasks. A business process typically starts with a specific need and end with outputs in the form of product and services. Many business processes are sometimes developed by accident, in these processes no real thought in how those processes were developed. In some instances many processes developed in case of changes in technology, environment, policy, and market trends. Whether the processes developed by intentionally or by accidently almost every process need to improvement of the quality of the product or services. For improving these processes organization must make a strategic decision or planning when they will not improve or change. Business process improvement is a systematic strategic approach to improving organizations business processes and product quality and services. Many times these processes required inputs from internal departments in the organization or outside the organization like inputs from customers or suppliers. Organization must get the customers current requirement about quality, cost and comfort about product and service. Identify new processes or alternative process to make desired output faster, less costly, improve quality of the product. Business process Management tools In the market there are many business process management software solutions are available. Following some of the business process management applications are as follows: Pegasis system Savvion Lombardi Oracle IBM Appian Software AG To finding the solution buyers should perform an extensive search that meets the organizations long term needs and long term direction for the company there are many more systems are commonly used.BMP solutions having few existing standards. Some of the standards used are Business Process Execution Language (BPEL), XML process definition language (XPDL). With the help of business process management solutions, it helps to organization to improve all business processes and quality of the product and services. It also helps to increase efficiency of the employees and also helps to find organization strengths and weaknesses. Business process management can apply to improvement of all business process activities. It can help to identify gaps in existing processes. It can help to development of new innovative processes which helps to increase product quality and services, whether you are working on improvement of employee efficiency process or improvement of production system process. Quality audit system The internal quality audit is the mechanism with the help of this operation of the quality management system is monitored and similar with the documented quality system is assured. Audits done by the auditors, auditors are appointed by the company for the Organizations functions or procedures being audited. Through the internal audit effectiveness of the quality system is gathered. The main purpose of the quality system is to verify quality of the product and services as per the organizations standard. Internal quality audit is very good for to increase effectiveness of the organization. Approaches to Auditing Vertical Auditing Horizontal Auditing Vertical audit looks at particular function or department. These types of audit monitor all the activities and procedures in the particular department. Internal audit are generally vertical audits. Horizontal audit follows start to end process. These types of audit look at procedures as they support the process itself and are likely to period many different departments. The internal quality audit system is a documented system covering the planning, execution and follow-up of quality audits carried out within the scope of the quality management system. It is part of the quality management system itself. Internal quality audit system having three functions (required by the ISO 9000) Management Representative Internal Quality Auditors Management Review Body All these three elements required by ISO 9000 but the method and implementation style of the internal quality audit system (IQAS) is not compulsory. The IQAS needs the corrective action system to be effective. An internal quality audit requires involvement of the organizations senior management peoples. This requires expert on the management team or the management representative. The management representative is the link between the operating quality management system and the company management through the management review function. The management representatives continuously focus on those problems which cannot be solve at any level. These problems may be detected through normal quality control activities, but these problems will also detect at the time of internal audits. The management representative is responsible for ensuring requirement of the organization in terms of policy, objective and supporting procedures are implemented and maintained. Quality manager is also responsibl e for organizations day to day activities. The role of quality manager is must fulfil these responsibilities. The quality manager must make good relationship with the workers. The quality manager must not have conflicts between workers or team. The quality manager is responsible for selecting, training and managing the quality auditors, managing internal audits, monitoring the implementation of the audit schedule and give report to the top management peoples. How many auditors required for auditing its depend on the size of the organization. The scope of the quality management system and the different functions carried out into the quality management system. For example manufacturing company having manpower 800 peoples, and spread over 3 sites, it could manage with a 24 internal auditors team and quality management system covered all the major functions. When the auditors take a audit in the organization at that time they must be independent. This prevents conflicts and internal politics which may be generates wrong results. Auditing is about communication with the peoples and listening about processes. Auditor must be good listener. The auditor must have good knowledge to ask the right questions for getting the required information. Implementation of the quality audit system The audit conducted as per the particular objective base and quality system and standard base. It is conducted by the auditors independently where they are auditing. This means when audit is conduct there must not include internal conflicts and politics which generate wrong results for the auditor. The typical process of audit will include: In first stage i.e. preparation stage during this stage auditor makes a list of functions to be audited. Deciding the scope of the audit. Preparing proper list of the questions to be covered during the audit. The manager or supervisor of the function being audited, it must be first receive copy of the list of the audit. The audit processes generally start with the meeting to clarify the scope of the audit. To everyone familiar with the audit process this stage is very short. During the audit noted any non-conformances and cross referenced to either the standard. The process of the audit will closes with taking meeting with auditee to agree the non conformances, and discuss about taking corrective actions and decide dates for actions to be completed. Solutions and the corrective actions and dates for the completion will all in the form of audit report. Once the audit is completed report should be prepared within 24 hours. The audit is not considered as closed until organization take corrective actions have been completed and auditor confirms all taken actions. If the Follow audit is not complete auditor must take re-audit start from the first process and find useful solutions. Ways to introduce new quality culture Company, Suppliers and customers we are all in together When company follows this culture means we are all this together, reminds everyone how individuals success depends on company success and the companys success depends on how everyone doing their work well. This type of environment helps to identify everyone is a part of organization and having personal identity. Its also support for teamwork with the teams. It will help to company for create strong employee loyalty. Open, Honest communication is important Sympathy In the organization everyone has problems regarding to personal, social, or any problem in organization work. Managerial person must having sense and appreciation about the employee when employee having any problem. Listening Sometimes some peoples not listen to others. Peoples try to say what on their minds, they try to say how they are right and others are wrong, but no one wants listens him, sometimes this will creates organizations big loss. Because whatever they try to say which is very beneficial for the organization. The manager must have encouraged open and honest communication. This will support to making powerful decisions against the problems by involving everyones views in the organization. Different peoples having different views and ideas, if in organization having facility to listen everyones view and ideas then it will very useful for organizations success. Focus on Processes Every organizations success depends on how efficient processes done in the organization. Organization must focuses on processes because all processes in the organization not going well, it will automatically affects on product quality and hence it will affects on product sale. If organization wants success, it must have proper controls on all organizations processes. This will helps everyone to understand the importance of teamwork and cooperation to each other and the independence of the work. This helps to improvement of the quality using efficient quality tools and measure process performance and teamwork. Organization must monitor every process and by making changes into the processes increase efficiency, accuracy and speed to increase the productivity. If processes or plans are predefined in a company its outcome is always beneficial for a company, because management focuses on the processes which executed as per the requirements or plans, it helps to improve the productivity an d also quality. [6][3][8] Improve organizational performance Identify problems and opportunities for improvement In Honda Motors organizations work activities have done with the help of operations management activities for to achieve organizations objectives. Organization fixes objectives with the help of strategic planning. Company facing some problems in production system, but company continuously research on these problems and try to improve production speed, efficiency, and accuracy of the product. Company having good RD team for making continuously research on product quality and try to find solutions which increases product quality better than current quality. It helps to organization maintain position in the current market. In todays market customers required more fuel efficient cars, this is the big opportunity to Honda making cars with maximum fuel efficient with maintaining good quality of the product. Organization improvement Every organization produce product as per the current market need, and try to giving good quality product with minimum cost for improving product sale and secure place in market. Organizations objectives must set with the help strategic planning which helps for success. If the organization objectives set as per the market trend and need then it will helps to reduce variation between what customers want and what product and services deliver. Any product sale depends on how this product fulfils the customers requirement. When any organization produces any product, company must be making survey of the market and try to find out what the need of customers. Because what customers and stakeholders required and what product company delivers this is very important for organizations success. If the company produce any product which not fulfils customers need it will results customer leave this product, this will affect on product sale and companys status in the market. Implications of proposed changes within the organization. Organizational change it is nothing but of changing current work routines by introducing new rules and systems into the operation. Organizational change is very difficult because the regular routine activities not support to change. Organizational change also not directly supports because company working in current set environment which is not easily supports to the change. To compete with the competitors in the market every organization must make changes in the organization. Using new technologies and innovations produce quality product which will compete with the competitors product. Change in organization is very helpful for organization success. If the organizations proposed change implements properly with the help of change models and tools then it will increase organization efficiency, productivity, quality, and helps to produce quality product in minimum cost, otherwise it will generate organizations loss. The main objective of the organizational change is to increase quality of the product with minimum defect and earn maximum profit with investing minimum cost. 4.4. Implement changes in the organization Product quality Every organizational success is depends on his product and services. To increase product quality as per the customers requirement and comfort, because when consumers purchase your product if he will not satisfy long time with your product then he will leave your brand. Organization must continuously improve product quality and technology for the secure base in market place and increase sale of your product. If your product is good he compete with others product then automatically improve your organization profit. A good customer always customer always see the product quality. Because they wants long life comfort with the product, customers have many choices while buying a product so for that every company needs to maintain the product quality for to attract the customers. Cost of quality measurement In organization the three things are very important which are cost, time, and manpower required for the production, before producing any product every manufacturing company analyze this three things. For to maintains product quality organization must invest cost. Organization must calculate production cost and how much price he will get from the market it is very important. Organization must take care of these things when maintaining quality of the product. Because if organization produce quality product, but in market having competitors same product which having price is less than our product, if our company decrease product cost and this is less than production cost then it will generate organization loss. Sometimes it will not affect on companys sale of the product, when company having strong brand in a market place. Honda Motors have balance quality cost as per sales cost, and in the organization effective quality programs can reduce this almost, It will result making direct contribution to the profits. Honda Motors having powerful brand in market, thats why product cost not affects on product quality. This is the big advantage to the Honda Motors to earn more and more profit. To improvement of total organization performance and quality following points are important: Leadership must be important. Better implementation strategy and better planning Employee involvement should be accurate Easy and simple identification and measurement Proper Control and improvement in processes. Focusing on critical areas Honda Motors always research his critical areas and try to find solutions for how to convert these weaknesses into strengths. This strategy will helps to organization to create powerful organizational environment, and also helps to increase productivity. When Honda Motors introduce any product in the market after that they make survey in the market and finds critical areas of this product which is directly affect on his sale, for example Honda Motors introduce his new product (Honda City) which is not fuel efficient, this is appeared into customers feedback. Company focus on this area of this product, and try to find how to increase fuel efficiency in current production cost. Flexibility Organization must be flexible when any change creates, like environmental change, market changes, technological change etc at that time organization must find alternatives to solve these problems. If any machine downtime occurs at that time whole production not to be stop, it must be having alternatives to continue production process. If any employee knowing any machines operations and in case he will not able to come on work then, it must be having any alternative employee to handle this work. Flexibility in the organization is very important to smooth organization process. These all things support to increase organizations performance. Human Resource Development Employee is the major part of the organization. Managers must motivate to employees to complete their work. Arranging training sessions for the employees to the improve work efficiency. Give increments to the employees. Human resource development is also called as personnel developments consist of all activities to ensure that effective utilization of employees to completing organizational objectives. Provide good facilities to the employees where they work. Automation in production To improving organizational production processes, it must be use machines and robots for the production. This will very helpful for those organizations that are produce mass production. Automation is very useful for accuracy and fast production. It reduces manpower, cost of the production and helps to support batch production. Using automation in the organization, it increases productivity in minimum time. Minimum manpower is required. Teamwork Teamwork is the very important in organization to completing any task properly and fast. Organizational manager must motivate to employees work in team. Teamwork is very important factor to improving organization performance. It increases work efficiency. With the help of teamwork fast problems are to be solved, finds new innovative ways to completing particular task. Easily completed any task because of work is dividing in different parts. It helps to sharing new innovative ideas with the colleague, and this may be helps to increase organization performance. [1][5][7] Conclusion In the study of this assignment, we introduce new techniques for improving organizations quality. We also suggest how to manage business processes and how to improve processes. We find organizations strength, weaknesses, opportunities, threat with the help of SWOT analysis tool. We suggest how to improve product quality. In this assignment we take one case as Honda Motors and make analysis of the different factors of organization which affects on organizations quality, and we give solutions for to increase quality. This will helps to organization maintains organization as well as products quality.

French Revolution :: European Europe History

French Revolution Essay: What were the reasons and results of the French revolution? In 1789 financial times were hard in France. The peasants were upset that the nobles were living lavish lives collecting taxes, while they suffered. The prices on food were rising and the people were starving. The French social system was outdated and consisted of three classes. The first class consisted of the clergy. They paid no taxes and led the best lives. The second estate was the nobles. These were people who held top jobs in the government. The third and largest estate was the peasants. The people paid the most taxes and suffered the most. These people paid for Frances deficit spending. Deficit spending is when the country spends more money than is coming in. Louis XIV left France deeply in debt. Through out the 1700 taxes gradually rose to help repay this debt. By 1789 half its taxes went to paying the interest on this debt. This frustration led to revolt. On August 4th peasants attacked the Bastille. The peasants raided the Bastille but found no arms. This lead to a massive change in the government. The French government, in late August issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The Document was modeled in part of the American Declaration of Independence. In it stated that all men are born and remain free. Man also had the right to enjoy natural right or the right to property, security and resistance to oppression. It also said there are no different in man except his virtues and talents. It also granted freedom of religion and called for taxes to be levied according to ones pay. But this was still not enough for some. Working class citizens called sans-culottes pushed the revolution into some more radical action. By 1791 many sans-culottes demanded France become a republic. They also wanted the government to guarantee the government gives them living wages. Wars waged over France between those who supported the republic and those who opposed it.